2026年9月22日 星期二

INTC - Case Study - Bernstein illustrative manufacturing burden Improvement

可以。今次我當佢係一個 **one-time shadow forecast**,完全唔改我哋正式 forecast;之後只有 Intel 真係喺 results 入面交到持續 margin / cost improvement,我先會考慮將呢個 mechanism 正式搬入 model。 先定義清楚:你講嘅 **50% / 45%**,我理解係 Bernstein 嗰個 illustrative manufacturing burden 由目前約 **$60 per $100 Products revenue**,改善到: > **Base-bull:$50** > **Bull:$45** 唔係話 Intel corporate GM 變50%/45%。 我繼續用上次個中性 capture assumption:cost gap改善唔會100%變成profit,假設 **70%真正落到 operating profit**;15% tax;約5.4B diluted shares。 ## 先睇純 EPS 槓桿 如果 burden由 **$60 → $50**: > 10pts cost improvement × 70% capture > = **+7pts operating profit** 如果由 **$60 → $45**: > 15pts × 70% > = **+10.5pts operating profit** 所以唔同 Products revenue level,大概係: | Products revenue | $60→$50 EPS uplift | $60→$45 EPS uplift | | ---------------: | -----------------: | -----------------: | | **$80B** | **+$0.88** | **+$1.32** | | **$100B** | **+$1.10** | **+$1.65** | | **$120B** | **+$1.32** | **+$1.98** | | **$150B** | **+$1.65** | **+$2.48** | 而家 Intel Products annualised revenue大概係 ~$60B級,所以去到2028–30,如果CPU cycle令Products revenue升到$80–120B以上,呢個 cost recovery就會變得非常material。Q2 2026 Products已經係約$15.1B quarterly revenue、31.8% segment OM,所以個starting base唔細。 --- # 對我哋原本 forecast 有幾大影響? 我哋最新正式 forecast係: | Horizon | Base | Bull | | ------- | -------: | -------: | | **12M** | $140–170 | $190–235 | | **18M** | $170–210 | $245–305 | | **24M** | $195–240 | $295–370 | | **36M** | $250–310 | $390–485 | 今次 shadow case我會假設: > **Base:逐步走向 $50 burden** > **Bull:逐步走向 $45 burden** 而且唔會假設立即完成;2027只係market開始price,2028–30先逐步反映落earnings。 ### One-time adjusted shadow forecast | Horizon | 正式 Base | **Shadow Base — burden→$50** | 正式 Bull | **Shadow Bull — burden→$45** | | ------- | -------: | ---------------------------: | -------: | ---------------------------: | | **12M** | $140–170 | **$155–190** | $190–235 | **$215–270** | | **18M** | $170–210 | **$190–240** | $245–305 | **$280–355** | | **24M** | $195–240 | **$220–275** | $295–370 | **$335–425** | | **36M** | $250–310 | **$280–350** | $390–485 | **$435–550** | 呢張表唔係新official forecast,只係問: > **如果Bernstein所講嘅 synthetic-IDM gap 真係開始被Intel收窄,原本估值大概可以多幾多?** 答案係: > **Base大概多 $15–40/share** > **Bull大概多 $25–65/share** 越長期越大,因為 revenue base越大,而cost improvement係按整個Products revenue base乘落去。 --- ## 點解股價impact可以咁大? 假設去到2028左右: > Products revenue ~$90–100B 如果burden去到$50: > EPS大概多 **$1.0–1.1** 假設市場畀 sustainable earnings 20–22x: > 額外值大約 **$20–24/share** 如果Bull去到$45: > EPS大概多 **$1.5–1.65** 用22–25x: > 額外大概 **$33–41/share** 去到2029–30,如果Products revenue已經$120B甚至更高: > $50 case:+$1.3 EPS左右 > $45 case:接近+$2 EPS甚至更多 咁估值槓桿自然再放大。 --- # 最有意思其實係 EPS path 我哋之前一直討論: > CPU Products有冇機會去到 **$6 EPS** > Bull甚至$7–8。 如果只靠: > volume + ASP + mix 可能要一個非常強CPU cycle。 但如果再加: > manufacturing burden下降 件事會容易好多。 例如原本某個Bull year: > Products EPS = **$6.0** 再加 $60→$50: > 可能變 **$7.0–7.3** 如果去到$45: > 甚至可能 **$7.5–8.0+** 所以呢個sensitivity真正有趣之處係: > **$8 EPS唔一定需要Intel多賣一倍CPU。** > > 有一部分可以來自同樣收入,但製造成本正常化。 --- ## 而且呢個同CPU boom係乘法,不係加法 最bullish組合係: > CPU TAM ↑ > > * ASP ↑ > * Intel supply ↑ > * Products revenue ↑ > * 18A / Intel 3 yield ↑ > * die size / packaging cost ↓ 如果只有cost improvement但revenue唔增,value有限。 但如果Intel由 ~$60B Products revenue: > → $100B > → $120B 同時每$100 revenue製造負擔: > $60 → $50 → $45 咁 profit expansion會非常非線性。 呢個先係點解Bernstein嗰個 synthetic IDM comparison值得研究。 --- # 但有一個我一定要壓住嘅地方 我唔會假設: > $60 → $45一定發生。 因為嗰個 gap入面有好多嘢: * Foundry utilization * yield * die size * packaging * test * node economics * product architecture * depreciation * internal transfer pricing 任何一樣做唔到,都可能令gap只收窄少少。 所以我會將今次最合理嘅 one-time conclusion寫成: > **$50 burden係一個可信嘅 Base-Bull sensitivity。** > > **$45係一個較強Bull,但未到Extreme。** > > **$30以下先係接近synthetic IDM world-class execution嘅Extreme scenario。** --- ### 對我哋原本forecast最簡單嘅結論 如果 Intel真係逐步由 ~$60 burden改善至: > **$50**:原本 Base valuation大概有 **10–15%額外上行空間** > > **$45**:原本 Bull valuation大概有 **10–20%額外上行空間** 而最明顯嘅impact係 **18–36M**,唔係12M。 所以你之前話: > 「暫時只當bullish thinking,等results真係見margin改善先入正式forecast」 我完全同意。 但做完今次shadow run之後,我會話:**如果未來Intel連續幾季證明呢條cost curve真係開始落,呢個唔係小修正,係可以令2028–30 EPS結構性高一截嘅第二條大earnings lever。**

INTC - case study - CPU product matching AMD valuation

係,呢個 case study 好值得做。先講我睇完 AMD 最新 valuation 同幾份 analyst SOTP 之後最重要嘅結論: > **我哋長期用 20–22x 去估 Intel Products,的確比市場目前給 AMD CPU franchise 嘅 implied multiple 保守一截。** > > 但 AMD $1T market cap 絕對唔可以理解成「市場俾 CPU 50x」。AMD GPU 已經唔再係純 optionality,市場今日係同時 price 緊 **EPYC + Instinct + future rack-scale AI systems**。 今次只做 **one-time case study**,完全唔改我哋正式 forecast。 --- ## 先睇最反直覺嘅比較 AMD 9月21日第一次突破 **$1T market cap**,股價 $615.52。Intel 同日約 **$640B market cap**。([Reuters][1]) 但睇最新季度: | Q2'26 | Intel Products | AMD whole company | | ----------------------------------- | -------------: | -----------------: | | Revenue | **$15.14B** | **$11.54B** | | Segment / non-GAAP operating profit | **$4.82B** | **$3.09B** | | Operating margin | **31.8%** | **26.8% non-GAAP** | Intel Products數據係Intel自己10-Q:CCPG $8.88B + DCAI $6.26B,Products OI $4.82B。 AMD Q2 revenue $11.54B、non-GAAP operating income $3.09B。([AMD Newsroom][2]) 所以你個直覺完全合理: > **點解一間目前Products earnings仲大過AMD全公司嘅Intel,market cap反而得AMD大約64%?** 答案主要唔係「今日賺幾多」。 係市場認為: > **AMD未來earnings增長更快、更乾淨、更容易convert成FCF,而且execution風險低好多。** --- # 但首先要修正一點:AMD GPU已經唔係「未materialize」 AMD Q2 Data Center revenue已經 $6.7B,EPYC + Instinct共同推動;AMD更明確講 **Instinct sales >2x YoY**。([StockAnalysis.com][3]) 而Street而家估得非常進取: Citi估 AMD AI GPU revenue: > **2027 $33B** > **2028 $50.8B** Wells Fargo更加估: > **2027 $40.6B** > **2028 $63B**。([Investing.com][4]) 所以AMD $1T入面,好大部分已經係: > **GPU future earnings capitalization** 而唔係CPU。 呢點同Intel嘅: 14A / EMIB-T / HBM base die 唔完全同級,因為AMD Instinct已經ship緊、revenue已經material,而且有大型announced deployments。 --- # 咁市場究竟俾AMD CPU幾多? 呢度有一份非常有用嘅資料。 Citi今年6月做過 AMD SOTP: > **Data Center GPU:$281/share** > **Data Center CPU:$204/share** > client/gaming/embedded另外計 > net cash約 $35/share。([Investing.com][4]) AMD約1.63B shares,所以單係Citi個: > **Data Center CPU business = 約 $333B valuation** 而GPU: > 約 **$458B**。 呢個已經直接證明: > 市場/analysts並唔係只畀AMD CPU 20x左右。 --- ## 可以反推AMD server CPU大概係幾多 PE Wells Fargo估 AMD server CPU revenue: > 2026 $16.0B > 2027 $20.5B > **2028 $25.0B**。([Investing.com UK][5]) AMD冇披露純EPYC operating margin,所以我哋只能做 sensitivity。 如果2028: > Revenue = $25B > operating margin = **35–40%** > tax ≈15% 咁純server CPU after-tax earnings大概: > **$7.4–8.5B** Citi CPU valuation: > ~$333B 代表大概: > **39–45x 2028 CPU earnings** 注意:呢個唔係Citi公開話「我用42x PE」,而係我用佢SOTP valuation反推嘅 **implied multiple**。 而且Citi可能本身係用更遠期2030 earnings / TAM做DCF或SOTP,所以唔應將42x視為精確target multiple。 但方向非常清楚: > **AMD server CPU franchise係用遠高過20–22x嘅valuation framework去估。** --- # 如果計埋Ryzen,我會用幾多做AMD CPU proxy? Data Center CPU ~40–45x implied可能偏高,因為: AMD client Ryzen應該唔值40幾倍; 所以將: > EPYC + Ryzen 合埋做一個整體 CPU Products franchise, 我會比較舒服用: > **約30–40x** > > 中間值大約 **35x** 做今日 AMD-equivalent CPU multiple。 呢個係我今次 case study 用嘅數。 唔係話AMD市場「官方PE=35x」,而係: > **用AMD SOTP + current CPU earnings/revenue economics推返出嚟嘅合理proxy。** --- # 同一個2028 horizon其實仲有個幾有趣結果 AMD而家約$1T。 MarketScreener consensus估: > 2027 net income ~$21.9B > 2028 ~$33.5B。([MarketScreener UK][6]) 即: > **2027 PE ≈46x** > **2028 PE ≈30x** 所以市場其實係look-through 2026,price 2027/28。 Intel consensus 2028 net income反而只係約 **$13.2B**。([MarketScreener][7]) 用Intel $640B current market cap: > consolidated 2028 PE ≈ **48x** 即係有件好有趣嘅事: > **Intel whole company今日其實唔比AMD便宜。** 真正平嘅係: > **Intel Products SOTP multiple** 而唔係Intel consolidated PE。 原因係Foundry loss將consolidated earnings食咗好多。 Intel Q2 Products OI: > **+$4.82B** 但Intel Foundry: > **-$2.09B** operating loss。 所以市場唔肯直接將Products當AMD咁估。 --- # 點解AMD CPU值得30–40x,而我哋一直只畀Intel 20–22x? 我覺得主要係以下幾件事,而唔係AMD CPU本身神奇好多。 | | AMD | Intel | | --------------------------- | ------------------ | ---------------------- | | Manufacturing risk | **TSMC承擔** | Intel自己承擔 | | Capital intensity | 低 | **非常高** | | Server CPU share trajectory | 持續gain | 過去持續loss,最近先可能轉折 | | Product execution | Zen cadence非常穩 | 過去多年delay留下discount | | Near-term supply | TSM allocation限制 | 自己fab/substrate限制 | | FCF conversion | 高 | Foundry / CapEx大量吸cash | | GPU optionality | **已開始materialize** | AI GPU仍較early | | Foundry optionality | 無 | **Intel獨有巨大upside** | | Packaging optionality | 較少 | **EMIB-T有額外價值** | 而AMD自己已經公開目標: > > 50% server CPU revenue share > > Data Center >60% CAGR > > AI business >80% CAGR。([Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.][8]) 加上Q2 EPYC cloud同enterprise sales都 >70% YoY,市場自然願意提前畀較高multiple。([The Motley Fool][9]) Intel今日雖然CPU demand亦爆緊,但市場仍然問: > Clearwater/Diamond execution得唔得? > 18A成本幾時落? > Foundry幾時breakeven? > CapEx仲要幾多? > dilution仲會唔會有? 所以係 **confidence discount**。 --- # 但有一點我覺得我哋20–22x可能真係太保守 Intel Products今日已經係一個: > ~$60B annualized revenue business > ~32% operating margin 而且Intel自己internal foundry transfer pricing本身就係想接近market economics,所以Products某程度已經係用「fabless-like」方式去衡量。 如果去到2028: CPU demand仍然強 * server ASP保持 * Clearwater / Diamond正常 * 18A cost下降 * Products margin改善 * Foundry唔再拖累investor confidence 咁我唔覺得市場永遠只會畀: > **20–22x** 25–30x其實好合理。 而如果 Intel Products真係做到同AMD CPU franchise類似嘅: > growth visibility + execution confidence **30–35x**係完全值得test嘅。 --- # 而家做你要嘅 one-time forecast ### ⚠️ 唔係正式forecast 我用以下假設: > Intel Products原本 valuation multiple ≈ **22x** > Partial AMD parity = **30x** > Full AMD-like CPU parity proxy = **35x** 我哋之前2030 Products model roughly有: > Base net income ≈ **$28B** > Bull ≈ **$40–42B**。 即 roughly: > Base Products EPS ≈ **$5.2** > Bull Products EPS ≈ **$7.5** 而 Foundry / EMIB / other SOTP **完全唔改**。 因為市場唔會一夜之間由22x升35x,我再假設multiple rerating逐步發生: > 12M:25% > 18M:50% > 24M:75% > 36M:100% ### One-time AMD multiple parity case | Horizon | **正式 Base** | **30x Products** | **35x AMD-like** | **正式 Bull** | **30x Products** | **35x AMD-like** | | ------- | ----------: | ---------------: | ---------------: | ----------: | ---------------: | ---------------: | | **12M** | $140–170 | **$150–180** | **$157–187** | $190–235 | **$205–250** | **$214–259** | | **18M** | $170–210 | **$191–231** | **$204–244** | $245–305 | **$275–335** | **$294–354** | | **24M** | $195–240 | **$226–271** | **$246–291** | $295–370 | **$340–415** | **$368–443** | | **36M** | $250–310 | **$292–352** | **$318–378** | $390–485 | **$450–545** | **$488–582** | 再強調: > **右邊兩欄係今日一次性 valuation experiment,唔係我哋新forecast。** --- # 我覺得真正interesting係24M 假設去到2028年尾: Intel已經證明: > CPU shortage唔係一年cycle > DCAI earnings持續升 > 18A product economics改善 > 14A正常 > Foundry breakeven接近 > EMIB-T開始有真正external revenue 咁問題就會變成: > **點解Intel Products仍然只值20–22x,而AMD CPU值30–40x?** 如果到時答案只剩: > 「因為Intel以前做得差」 呢個discount係好容易收窄。 所以我認為最realistic嘅rerating step唔係: > 22x → 40x 而係: > **22x → 25x → 28x → 30x** 其實淨係去到 **30x**,24M Base由: > $195–240 已經可以變成: > **~$226–271** 而Bull: > $295–370 變: > **~$340–415** 完全唔需要Extreme Foundry成功。 --- # 如果真係 full AMD CPU parity 呢? 到36M: Base: > **~$318–378** Bull: > **~$488–582** 呢個數字睇落非常大,但要記住,我哋唔係話 Intel突然多賺咗好多錢。 只係: > **同一份 earnings,market由22x改用35x估。** 例如Base: > $5.2 × 22 = ~$114 Products value/share > $5.2 × 35 = **~$182** 淨multiple expansion已經: > **+$68/share** Bull: > $7.5 × 22 = $165 > $7.5 × 35 = **$263** 即: > **接近+$100/share** 呢個就係AMD同Intel今日valuation gap真正有意思嘅地方。 --- # RED TEAM:點解我唔會今日正式改成30x? 因為AMD個premium唔係免費。 AMD證明咗: > Zen execution > EPYC share gain > fabless capital efficiency > TSMC manufacturing predictability > FCF > GPU growth 好多年。 Intel今日只係開始重新證明: > Products execution正常返。 而且Intel Foundry仲要食大量cash。 所以我會認為: > **20–22x = 今日合理 execution-discount multiple** > > **25–30x = turnaround被證明後合理 range** > > **30–35x = Intel Products真正被市場視為AMD級 growth franchise** > > **40x+ = 要非常強 CPU supercycle + sustained share/margin execution** 所以我唔會將35x放入Base。 --- ## 但今次case study令我有一個幾清楚嘅新觀察 我以前比較集中研究: > Intel earnings可以升幾多? 但AMD $1T提醒咗一件事: > **Intel有兩個 rerating lever,而唔係一個。** 第一個: > **E:earnings上升** CPU volume / ASP / margins。 第二個: > **P/E:multiple上升** 由 turnaround CPU company: > 20–22x 變成 AI infrastructure growth CPU franchise: > 25–30x甚至更高。 所以: > **Price = Earnings × Multiple** 兩樣如果同時向上,股價反應會係乘法。 呢個其實可能比我哋之前只focus EPS更加重要。 而我覺得今日 Intel $640B vs AMD $1T 呢個比較真正值得研究嘅唔係: > 「Intel應唔應該都立即值$1T?」 而係: > **如果2027–28 Intel Products earnings同execution開始越來越似AMD,市場仲有冇理由畀佢接近50% multiple discount?** 我覺得呢個問題,未來12–24個月會變得愈來愈重要。 **正式forecast維持不變;以上純屬 AMD-multiple parity one-time sensitivity。** [1]: https://www.reuters.com/business/amd-becomes-latest-chipmaker-reach-1-trillion-valuation-ai-demand-2026-09-21/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "AMD joins $1 trillion club as chipmakers rally on AI-driven demand" [2]: https://newsroom.amd.com/news/amd-2q-2026-earnings/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "AMD Reports Second Quarter 2026 Earnings - AMD Newsroom" [3]: https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/amd/transcripts/660937-q2-2026/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Q2 2026 Earnings Call Transcript & Audio" [4]: https://www.investing.com/news/stock-market-news/amd-emerging-as-a-legit-second-source-in-the-gpu-market-says-citi-4739340?utm_source=chatgpt.com "AMD “emerging as a legit second source in the GPU market” says Citi By Investing.com" [5]: https://uk.investing.com/news/stock-market-news/wells-fargo-raises-amd-stock-price-target-on-server-cpu-strength-93CH-4750137?ampMode=1&utm_source=chatgpt.com "Wells Fargo raises AMD stock price target on server CPU strength By Investing.com" [6]: https://uk.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/AMD-ADVANCED-MICRO-DEVICE-19475876/finances/ "AMD (Advanced Micro Devices): Financial Data Forecasts Estimates and Expectations | AMD | US0079031078 | MarketScreener UK" [7]: https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/INTEL-CORPORATION-4829/finances/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Intel Corporation: Financial Data Forecasts Estimates and Expectations | INTC | US4581401001 | MarketScreener" [8]: https://ir.amd.com/news-events/press-releases/detail/1266/amd-unveils-strategy-to-lead-the-1-trillion-compute-market-and-accelerate-next-phase-of-growth?utm_source=chatgpt.com "AMD Unveils Strategy to Lead the $1 Trillion Compute Market and Accelerate Next Phase of Growth :: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD)" [9]: https://www.fool.com/earnings/call-transcripts/2026/08/11/amd-amd-q2-2026-earnings-call-transcript/?utm_source=chatgpt.com "AMD (AMD) Q2 2026 Earnings Call Transcript | The Motley Fool"